2020

January
1st January - As per reports, the Australian Wildfire could be the worst wildfire the world has probably seen in decades. This started in late July and still burning up until this month where thousands of homes turned to ash and killed hundred thousands of animals.

1st January - Palau became the first country to ban sun creams containing ingredients that are harmful to coral and marine life. The island has now banned all sales and use of these sun creams.

3rd January - a man wielding a knife entered a suburban park in Paris and began a stabbing spree. He killed one person and injured two others before being shot and killed by police.

3rd January - This is brought after Major General Qassem Soleimani got killed by a U.S. drone strike near Baghdad International Airport. Media and some reports called the killing as an assassination.

4th January - Floods and landslides caused by torrential rain in Jakarta, Indonesia, kill at least 53. Australian bushfires death toll reaches 23 as PM Scott Morrison announces national defense force will be employed to help fight the more than 200 fires, amid criticism of his leadership

5th January - a terrorist attack that occurred at Kenya Defense Force left three Americans dead. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. Kenya’s military said that they killed four of the terrorists during the counter attack.

5th January - a suspected drunk driver killed six German tourists and injured another four at a ski resort in Italy. The driver, who had four times the legal limit of blood alcohol, drove up on a sidewalk.

7th January - 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Puerto Rico, island's largest in a century, followed by many aftershocks kill 1 person and destroy 800 homes

8th January - a Ukrainian International flight crashed in Iran, killing all 176 people on board. The majority of passengers were Iranian and Canadian. A spokesperson for the aircraft said it was checked two days prior with no issues. On January 11, it was revealed that the crash was due to missiles launched by Iran, though those missiles were not purposely sent on the plane. Iran launches missile strike on Irbil and Al Asad bases in Iraqi housing some American troops in retaliation to assassination of General Qasem Soleimani

8th January - the political unrest in Venezuela continued. Two days prior, opposition leader Juan Guaido was blocked from entering Parliament. He attempted to climb a fence to gain entry, eventually forcing his way in with other opposition figures. Many citizens were angered by this, taking to the streets. Authorities have been using tear gas on them.

12th January - mass anti-government protests hit the streets of Iran. The protests are in response to the downed plane that was later revealed to have been accidentally shot down by Iranian officials. Demonstrators are calling for the Supreme Leader to step down

12nd January - The Taal eruption started that day and affected thousands of families. The ashfall turned the once tourist spot in a dead and gray blanketing a wide area. It killed animals, affected numerous families, and feared to have an intense eruption it was raised on Alert Level 4.

14th January - the UN revealed that human rights advocates and community leaders in Colombia are being killed at an alarming rate. So far, 10 activists have already been killed in 2020. The UN is urging Colombia politicians to change this trend.

18th January - protesters in Paris attempted to storm a theater President Macron was in. Police were called to help protect the political figure. The protesters are fighting the new pension reforms in France.

20th January - China announced it reached 139 cases of pneumonia caused by a new strain of coronavirus. So far, three people have died from the virus, which is mostly in Beijing.

21st January - World's oldest asteroid impact at 2.2 billion years old found in Yarrabubba, Western Australia, may have ended an ice age, reported in "Nature Communications"

21st January - Starting out as a mysterious disease from Wuhan, China, experts now call the cause of outbreak as Novel Coronavirus. As of this posting (2nd June), the deadly strain of virus has confirmed 377k deaths. almost all Countries have confirmed people infected with the new virus.

22nd January - Katerina Sakellaropoulou was elected, becoming the first female president in Greece. Sakellaropoulou was previously a high court judge and human rights activist.

24th January - nearly 100 days after the protests in Lebanon began, a new government has taken place. The government has been cut to one-third the original size, and Prime Minister Hassan Diab has replaced Saad Hairi, who resigned a few weeks after the protests began

26th January - This report broke many hearts as due to an unexpected helicopter crash, we lost the legend, “Black Mamba” Kobe Bryant, who at such tragic accident was with his daughter. There were no survivors from the crash and the world is mourning with his family.

26th January - 62nd Grammy Awards: Billie Eilish wins 5 Grammys, including album, record and song of the year

28th January - it was revealed that over 3,500 schools have closed in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali over the last two years. Growing violence between terrorists and citizens has left 8 million children without schools.

29th January - Number of Coronavirus cases passes those of SARS with over 7,700 cases in China confirmed, with 170 deaths

30th January - The World Health Organization declares the Coronavirus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at a meeting in Geneva

31st January - United Kingdom finally officially leaves the European Union (BREXIT)

February
2nd February - Palindrome Day: the date 02022020 reads the same forward and backward including in the US and China (last one like this 11 November 1111)

4th February - Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was indicted of corruption charges just hours before he was set to meet with President Trump regarding his proposed Middle East peace plan. Netanyahu has been charged with fraud and bribery, and his trial could take years to complete. (CNN)

4th February - China experienced its deadliest day since the Coronavirus was deemed a public health emergency. The total number of cases in China alone is 20,438, with 425 deaths. The virus has also spread to other countries, but at that time, only two deaths have been reported outside China’s mainland. At least 207 cases have been reported across 12 countries.

6th February - a Palestinian assailant attacked Israeli soldiers in Jerusalem. The soldiers were new recruits working on protecting a tourist destination. The attack left three Palestinians dead and injured 12 Israeli soldiers.

8th February - a Thai soldier is the suspect in a mall shooting spree that left 20 people dead. A manhunt is underway and authorities believe the suspect is still in the mall, but it’s unsure whether or not he has hostages.

13rd February - Fire in US-run orphanage kills 15 children near Port-au-Prince, Haiti

13th February - January 2020 was the hottest January in recorded history according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

14th February - China has revealed that over 1700 medics fighting the coronavirus have been infected themselves. This has created a crisis of its own in the country. Overall, 67,000 global cases of coronavirus have been documented and the first European death from the disease occurred on February 15. The US revealed that it had its fourteenth documented case.

17th February - Amazon boss Jeff Bezos pledges $10 billion to help fight climate change

19th February - in an attempt to highlight the lack of local doctors, nine French mayors banned falling ill. The mayors are in a rural area and hope this ban gains the attention of the government. The area is struggling to receive adequate healthcare.

19th February - German gunman opens fire in a bar in Hanau, Germany, killing nine in a racially motivated attack

22nd February - South Korea reported 220 new cases of coronavirus in just 24 hours. Italy has also seen a spike in the disease, bringing the total number of cases to 62. The total number of deaths has reached 2,458, with 78,500 cases globally.

24th February - growing violence and protests in Haiti caused the area to cancel Carnival, its biggest festival of the year. Gunfire and protests erupted the first day of the celebration, leaving at least one person dead.

26th February - the third day of religious-fueled violence continued in Delhi. Angry mobs are attacking Muslim homes and businesses. So far, 23 people have died during these riots, making it the most violent in the past decade.

29th February - the US signed a deal with the Taliban as an attempt to bring peace to Afghanistan. President Trump said that come May. over 5,000 troops will be removed from the area. It is expected that talks between Afghanistan and the Taliban will continue.

March
1st March - at least 33 Turkish soldiers were killed after an air strike launched from Syria. The strike has lead to heightened tension between the two countries that were just days away from withdrawing troops.

1st March - First known coronavirus COVID-19 case identified in New York, a health care worker returning from Iran

3rd March - UK had its wettest February since records began in 1862, according to the Met Office, 209.1mm of rainfall, 237% above average

4th March - Japan announced it will quarantine visitors from China and South Korea due to the Coronavirus. The visit of China’s president has also been delayed, but Japan says the Olympics are still on track. That same day, Australia banned visitors from South Korea in an attempt to curb Coronavirus. On March 5, Italy announced it will shut down all schools for a few weeks to try and contain the Coronavirus. All professional sporting events will have no fans in the stadium for the next month. So far, 107 people have died from the Coronavirus in Italy. Later, Iran announced it will temporarily free 54,000 prisoners in an attempt to curb the issue. As of March 6, the total number of Coronavirus cases worldwide topped 100,000.

4th March - Michael Bloomberg drops out of the US Democratic presidential race after a disappointing showing during Super Tuesday

4th March - '' Once in a century" winter in Moscow the hottest in 140 years with average temperature 7.5 C (13.5 F) with virtually no snow

6th March - two suicide bombers deployed bombs near the US Embassy in Tunisia. Four policemen and one civilian were injured, and one policeman died during the attack. The attack is suspected to be terrorism, but no group has claimed responsibility.

6th March - over 30 people were killed after gunmen attacked a ceremony in Kabul. The ceremony was attended by top Afghan officials, but the chief executive remains uninjured. The Islamic State has claimed responsibility for the attack.

8th March - Italy announces it is locking down northern region of Lombardy, including Milan, with 16 million people, as coronavirus (COVID-19) cases reach 5,800 with 233 deaths

9th March to 20th March - Ireland announced it will cancel all Saint Patrick’s Day parades in an attempt to curb coronavirus. On March 12, Uganda announced that it is restricting travel to and from countries affected by the coronavirus. Among these countries are China, Germany, France, America, Iran, Italy, and South Korea. As of March 13, Italy is still on complete lockdown. On March 14, it was announced that Spanish cases are up 1,500 in the last 24 hours. after the first lady tested positive for coronavirus, Spain went on complete lockdown. Spain’s cases have advanced over the weeks, reaching nearly 8,000 confirmed cases and 288 deaths. On March 19, Uganda announced a ban of all weddings and religious ceremonies for the next month to prevent the spread of coronavirus. On March 20, the weekly Algeria anti-government protests were called off to help prevent the spread of coronavirus.

12th March - US President Trump bans travel with 26 European countries though not the UK due to coronavirus COVID-19 (UK and Ireland added day later)

13rd March - Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates steps down from the company's board to focus on philanthropic activities

17th March - UEFA announces the postponement of its flagship national team football competition, UEFA EURO 2020, due to be played in June / July due to the coronavirus emergency

20th March - Italy faced one of its deadliest days since the coronavirus outbreak began, with 627 deaths. In an attempt to uphold lockdown restrictions, Italy has announced that it will release military troops to enforce restrictions.

22nd March - a prison riot in Colombia, which was sparked by coronavirus fears, left 23 inmates dead and another 83 injured. After panicking, inmates attempted a mass escape attempt, leading to chaos.

22nd March - Tokyo claims the 2020 Olympics will still continue as planned; however, both Australia and Canada announced they will not send athletes unless the Olympics are postponed. The IOC has since announced that it is considering postponing the Olympics, but it will not cancel. On March 23, the IOC announced that the Olympics will be delayed one year, so it will take place Summer 2021.

23th March to 31st March - millions of citizens in India were placed on lockdown until at least the end of the month since coronavirus cases have increased. On that same day, Nigeria announced its first coronavirus-related death. On March 24, Prince Charles announced that he has tested positive for coronavirus. On March 24, it was also announced that nearly a quarter of the world’s population is under quarantine due to the coronavirus. On March 26, it was announced that Rebel-help Syria would face water and soap shortages, and would also not practice social distancing. Experts expect coronavirus to ravage the area soon. On March 28, Italy’s fatality rate due to coronavirus surpassed 10,000, making it the highest death toll worldwide. Unlike its European counterparts, Sweden announced on March 28 that it will continue life as normal, with no lockdowns in sight. On March 31, Russia announced new laws that could lead up to 7 years in prison for those who break quarantine rules.

26th March - American cases of coronavirus COVID-19 exceed all other countries, with 81,578 cases and 1,180 deaths (New York Times)

April
2nd April - Record 6.6 million Americans filed claims for unemployment in last week according to the US Department of Labor, 10 million over 2 weeks

3rd April - many countries adopted code words to help victims of domestic violence who are locked at home with their abusers. Victims can now head to drugstores and pharmacies and say the code word to let the pharmacists know they are in danger. On April 2, anger rose in Japan after Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stated he will supply each household with two reusable masks. Many citizens mocked Prime Minister Abe, claiming that he is not responding to the pandemic appropriately. On April 2, Kenya announced that it will be releasing 5000 petty offender prisoners and holding court cases via Skype. The move is an attempt to decongest prisons and stop the spread of coronavirus. On April 2, Spain announced it had surpassed 10,000 deaths as its coronavirus crisis worsened. On April 2, South Africa announced that it will house its homeless in the empty sports stadiums. South Africa has been on lockdown for about a week and has 1,300 cases. On the 2nd April, it was announced that the global number of coronavirus cases has surpassed 1 million. According to the Johns Hopkins study, nearly 53,000 people have died from the virus.

4th April - a knife attack in Romans-sur-Isere (south-east France) left two people dead and another four injured. Witnesses say the attacker first entered a tobacco shop, attacking the owners and a customer, before moving to a nearby butcher shop. The suspect is in custody, but a motive has not been released.

6th April - it appears that coronavirus has brought some unity during the growing tensions in Israel. After being elected Speaker of Parliament, Benny Gantz designed an emergency national government, going against his campaign promise as Prime Minister Netanyahu leads the team. It now appears that the indicted Netanyahu will continue his role as Prime Minister, as his main rival, Gantz, has become Speaker instead.

6th April - US coronavirus COVID-19 death toll passes 10,000 in six weeks, with more than 356,000 American infected, New York death toll reaches 4,758

6th April to 11th April - large groups of tourists flocked specific destinations as the lockdown in China was lifted. As the government decreases restrictions, health officials warn that the battle may not be over. On April 6, India began turning its trains into hospitals, with each carriage acting as an isolated room. The country’s railways have been suspended for the first time in history after a lockdown was issued on March 25. April 6 marked the fourth consecutive day that coronavirus deaths lowered in Spain, sparking some hope that the country’s curve is flattening. On April 6, thousands of Venezuelan refugees returned home as Colombia went on lockdown. On April 10, China’s government released a draft of a law outlining which animals can be farmed and eaten. The law comes after rumors that coronavirus culminated in China’s wet market, where animal meat is kept with little standards and restrictions. On April 11, state ministers encouraged India’s Prime Minister Modi to extend the lockdown due to end in four days. After the call, Modi agreed to extend the lockdown in India without releasing further details. On April 11, Brazil reported over 1,000 deaths due to coronavirus and nearly 20,000 cases. This announcement comes after President Bolsonaro has ignored the advice of his government and challenged restrictions set in place. Bolsonaro has stated that his challenges are due to his protection of the economy. The outbreak in Brazil is expected to hit its peak in a few weeks.

9th April - the Saudi Arabian coalition fighting rebels in Yemen declared a two week ceasefire in an attempt to stop the spread of coronavirus. The countries have been in a five-year conflict.

12nd April - authorities stated that several imprisoned ISIS members ripped off doors and began breaking walls to escape. As some managed to escape, authorities struggled to control the riots caused by others. The search for the escaped members is ongoing.

12nd April - a car carrying 7 passengers attempted to cross the border during India’s lockdown. As a group of 6 police officers attempted to enforce the lockdown, one man exited the vehicle wielding a sword. One police officer’s hand was chopped off during the fight, but no other serious injuries have been reported.

13rd April to 18th April - President Putin issued a warning that coronavirus cases were spiking in Russia, specifically Moscow. Russia announced that it had 2,550 new cases in 24 hours, the largest jump for the country. On April 14, France ordered Amazon to only deliver the essentials in an attempt to protect delivery drivers. On April 15, President Putin admitted that he is less confident now, as Russia is experiencing more problems than anticipated. Russia’s cases have surged in the past few days. On April 15, Denmark allowed children under the age of 11 to return to school., making it the first European country to relax some of the restrictions set in place. On April 16, Brazilian President Bolsonaro fired his health minister after weeks of tension stemming from coronavirus actions. Nelson Teich has been hired as the replacement. On April 17, officials in Wuhan edited the original coronavirus numbers, marking a 50% increase in coronavirus deaths than what had been previously recorded. Wuhan now states that there have been 50,333 cases with 3,869 deaths. On April 18, Spain announced that more than 20,000 citizens have died from coronavirus. On April 18, the worldwide shortage of ventilators was highlighted as it was reported that South Sudan, with a population of 12 million people, only had 4 ventilators and 24 ICU beds. Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, and Venezuela are among countries with some of the largest shortages.

14th April - Iraqi President Barham Salih stated he was working on revoking the suspension of Reuters. Reuters, a journalist company, was suspended nearly two weeks prior for reporting that there were more coronavirus cases in Iraq than the government was admitting to. Reuters was originally suspended for three months, asked to offer an apology, and fined, but President Salih has since said the suspension was “regrettable.”

14th April - Parts of Europe begin to ease lockdown restrictions after 5-6 weeks with some shops opening in Austria and parts of Italy

15th April - despite the coronavirus outbreak, various South Koreans headed to the polls wearing masks and gloves. Millions of citizens are voting in the parliamentary election for the 300 members of the National Assembly. South Korea is 1st country to hold a general election under Coronavirus COVID-19, President Moon Jae-in's ruling Democratic party wins in a landslide. Revised death count for New York taking into account assumed coronavirus COVID-19 deaths makes the city's per-capita death rate higher than Italy at 10,367

18th April - nearly 400 Rohingya refugees lost at sea were rescued. The group left Bangladesh nearly two months ago. The group did reach Malaysia, but was forced to turn back at the border. Rescuers confirmed that at least 32 people died during the journey.

18th April - a man allegedly dressed as a police officer began a shooting spree in Nova Scotia, killing at least 16 people, making it one of Canada’s deadliest shootings. The rampage and manhunt lasted 12 hours before the suspect was killed during a shootout with police on April 19. The suspect and the motive are still under investigation. On April 22, the death toll rose to 22 as some in critical condition passed away. On April 24, it was revealed that the suspect’s girlfriend was the first victim and the rampage may have been motivated by domestic violence.

19th April - thousands of protesters took to the streets of Israel, each 2 meters apart to respect social distancing laws. The protesters are protesting Prime Minister Netanyahu and government corruption.

20th April - Ghana (Coffin dance country) announced that two cities would no longer be under lockdown. President Akufo-Addo said the decision is partly to do with the improved testing and partly due to the impact the lockdown has had on impoverished areas. On April 20, the UK announced that it will use the blood of coronavirus survivors to treat others with the disease. The US has already begun to study this, with the hope being that the antibodies in the blood will help the ill recover. On April 20, President Bolsonaro joined protesters in Brazil who are protesting the lockdown restrictions. President Bolsonaro has faced tension with various governors who have decided to incite restrictions despite Bolsonaro’s opposition. On April 24, it was announced that various countries will test people-tracking wristbands to ensure people are staying home.

22th April - a man allegedly killed his wife and 8 others in a Lebanese town. The man is thought to be in hiding and his motive is unclear. This is one of the worst mass shootings the country has seen in years.

27th April - New Zealand claimed it had “eliminated” coronavirus as the number of new cases dropped to single digits. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern states that the country is still on high alert. On April 29, it was announced that German researchers working with US company Pfizer have begun human trials for a COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine could supply millions of people by the end of the year if the trial has positive results. On April 30, over two dozen Russian hospitals went on lockdown because many of the doctors fell ill with coronavirus. Health care workers are reportedly angered as the number of cases has surpassed 100,000.

27th April - South Korea told CNN that despite speculations, Kim Jong Un is “alive and well.” For a few days, there has been speculation that Kim Jong Un is in a vegitative state, or even dead, after a heart surgery. North Korea has not responded to speculations.

28th April - Brazil’s highest court okayed an investigation into President Bolsonaro. Already under fire for his handling of coronavirus, Bolsonaro is now accused of seeking to interfere with police investigations. Sergio Moro, the justice minister who stepped down last week, made the accusations.

May
1st May - it was reported that Australia has almost completely flattened its curve, reporting just 16 new cases in 24 hours. Australia’s government will be meeting soon to discuss lifting the lockdown restrictions. On May 4, New Zealand announced that there were 0 new cases in the last 24 hours. a few weeks after one of the country’s worst mass shootings, Prime Minister Trudeau announced an assault rifle ban in Canada. The new rules make it illegal to make, sell, or purchase over 1,500 types of ARs.

2nd May - North Korean state-run media reported that Kim Jong Un made an appearance at a May Day celebration, laughing and smoking a cigarette. The state-run media released a video where Kim Jong Un can be seen walking and sitting at the event.

5th May - doctors in Paris revealed that a patient admitted to the hospital in December had COVID-19, meaning the virus was in France weeks before previously thought. On May 5, three Russian doctors fighting coronavirus mysteriously fell out of hospital windows. Two died and one remains hospitalized as questions about Russia’s hospital conditions arise. On May 6, UK epidemiologist Neil Ferguson, who was one of the lead advisors on coronavirus, resigned. Ferguson resigned after it was revealed that he broke lockdown rules on that basis that he thought he was immune. On May 9, China’s President Xi Jinping said he received a message from Kim Jong-un congratulating China on their handling of coronavirus. Xi Jingping went on to say he is worried for North Korea, which has said they have no confirmed cases at all, but health officials think that is unlikely.

8th May - cyclists cycled through Slovenia’s capital to protest the government. The protesters are accusing Prime Minister Janez Jansa of using the coronavirus pandemic as a way to increase police powers and restrict personal freedoms. The protesters also claim Jansa has shown hatred towards migrants and has made personal attacks on journalists.

11st May - after deciding to loosen restrictions, both China and South Korea face new cases. South Korea has seen a new cluster of cases, causing the country to reinforce some restrictions that had been lifted. Two cities in China have seen 11 new cases, causing China to add more restrictions due to fear of a second wave. On May 13, Russia’s coronavirus situation worsened as a hospital fire killed 5 people and forced another 150 to evacuate. After this occurred, President Putin’s spokesperson was hospitalized for coronavirus. On May 15, Italy announced it will open for in and out travel starting June 3. a Moscow care home caught fire, killing at least 9 people and injuring many others. Officials don’t know the cause of the blaze, but they were able to extinguish it within an hour and save many of the rest

12nd May - despite Trump’s peace deal with the Taliban, the Afghan government announced they will resume offensive operations. The decision comes after some deadly terrorist attacks, one that killed 13 people, two of whom were newborn babies, at a maternity ward.

13rd May - after nearly 5 months of isolation due to coronavirus, many Hong Kong citizens took to the streets to resume protests without waiting for the last of restrictions to be lifted. Officials arrested 230 people for breaking social distancing and assembly laws. Protests are expected to only increase during the summer.

18th May - nineteen people died and fifteen were injured after an Iranian naval exercise resulted in an accident in the Gulf of Oman. Officials originally stated the accident was due to a misdirected missile attack, but they later revised their statement

18th May - scientists revealed that there is an expected increase in rainfall for England this summer. Excessive flooding could potentially affect the amount of coronavirus care given to rural areas. On May 19, France’s administrative court announced that the country has 8 days to lift the ban on meetings at places of worship. The judge stated that gatherings of less than 10 people are now allowed. On May 20, Brazil became the country with the third highest number of coronavirus cases. So far, the country has had 1,179 deaths and 17,408 confirmed cases. President Trump has stated that he’s considering a travel ban on Brazil until the numbers decrease. On May 22, after President Bolsonaro called coronavirus “a little flu,” the country was reported to have the second highest number of cases (America has still recorded the most). Health officials reported 20,803 new cases on May 22, bringing Brazil’s total to 330,890. On May 23, thousands of citizens in Spain took to the streets to protest the government’s handling of coronavirus. Protesters rode in their cars with Spanish flags hanging out the window, demanding Prime Minister Sanchez resign.

19th May - police and citizens clashed in Santiago as protesters protested the lack of food during coronavirus lockdown. Media showed police using tear gas and water cannons on the protesters. President Pinera has said he will deliver food to those in need.

22nd May - China announced a controversial security law that may affect Hong Kong as we know it. The law criminalizes "treason, secession, sedition (and) subversion" against the central government, which would bypass Hong Kong legislation. The law allows national security to be in Hong Kong

22nd May - a Pakistani plane carrying 99 passengers and a few crew members crashed after the pilot reported technical difficulties. At least 2 people have survived. This is one of Pakistan’s first flights since the coronavirus lockdown.

25th May - Rwanda announced that it will be using anti-epidemic robots to fight coronavirus. With 314 confirmed cases in the country, the five robots will perform mass temperature checks, check patient status, and keep coronavirus patient records. On May 30, despite a record-high in daily cases of coronavirus, India announced it will ease lockdown restrictions. The decision comes after the country recorded nearly 8,000 cases in 24 hours.

25th May - George Floyd, an Afro-American dies of 4 Police Officers kneeling on him for 8 minutes and 47 seconds, Protests began soon all around the world against rassismus

31st May - at least 20 people were killed at a cattle market in Burkina Faso. Gunmen entered the market on motorbikes. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack.